{"id":4481,"date":"2017-05-07T13:02:05","date_gmt":"2017-05-07T17:02:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/?p=4481"},"modified":"2017-05-08T22:16:31","modified_gmt":"2017-05-09T02:16:31","slug":"how-to-write-more-simply-part-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/2017\/05\/how-to-write-more-simply-part-4\/","title":{"rendered":"How to&#8230; Write More Simply (part 4)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>This article is part of the How-to&#8230; series brought to by Emerald Group Publishing. The other parts of the series you find <a href=\"http:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/category\/how-to\/\">here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<h5><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4478\" src=\"http:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/write_simply_infographic-255x300.jpg\" alt=\"write_simply_infographic\" width=\"255\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/write_simply_infographic-255x300.jpg 255w, https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/write_simply_infographic.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" \/><\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0Avoiding wordiness<\/h5>\n<p>There are many ways of avoiding wordiness. A few basic guidelines are given in this section.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cut the clutter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Good writers develop a concise style, which avoids redundant words. A good tip for editing a draft is to go through it and cross out any words which don&#8217;t add to the meaning, while at the same time looking for more concise ways of saying the same thing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Original version<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Vocabulary acquisition is naturally a basic skill for all language students and much research has been done in this domain at all levels from ab initio to advanced study (Chesters\u00a0et al., 1992; Meara, 1997). A group of academics within the French Department decided upon the idea of designing a micro-computer program that would allow students to learn French vocabulary in such a way, that:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>the learning would be faster<\/li>\n<li>the lecturer input would be less<\/li>\n<li>the effectiveness of learning would be enhanced<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Edited version<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Vocabulary acquisition is a basic skill for all language students, and is the subject of research at all levels from ab initio to advanced study (Chesters\u00a0et al., 1992; Meara, 1997). A group of academics within the French Department decided to design a micro-computer program to help student to learn French vocabulary faster, more effectively, and with less lecturer input.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Avoid circumlocutions\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0&#8220;circumlocution&#8221; is the use of many words when just a few will do \u2013 an easy trap to fall into when trying to make a point a little more forcefully! Here are some examples, together with simpler ways of expressing the same idea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is possible that<br \/>\nMay, might, could<\/li>\n<li>There is no doubt that<br \/>\nDoubtless<\/li>\n<li>Used for &#8230; purposes<br \/>\nUsed<\/li>\n<li>He is a man who &#8230;<br \/>\nHe<\/li>\n<li>In a hasty manner<br \/>\nHastily<\/li>\n<li>At this point in time<br \/>\nNow\/then<\/li>\n<li>In the near future<br \/>\nSoon<\/li>\n<li>Prior to, in anticipation of, following on, at the same time as<br \/>\nBefore, after, as<\/li>\n<li>Notwithstanding the fact that, despite the fact that<br \/>\nAlthough<\/li>\n<li>Concerning the matter of<br \/>\nAbout<\/li>\n<li>The reason for, owing to the reason that, on the grounds that<br \/>\nBecause, since, why<\/li>\n<li>If it should transpire that, in the event that<br \/>\nIf<\/li>\n<li>With regard to<br \/>\nAbout<\/li>\n<li>Owing to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that<br \/>\nSince, because<\/li>\n<li>This is a subject which<br \/>\nThis subject<\/li>\n<li>In a situation in which<br \/>\nWhen<\/li>\n<li>Is able to, has the capacity to<br \/>\nCan<\/li>\n<li>On the occasion of<br \/>\nWhen<\/li>\n<li>For the purpose of<br \/>\nTo<\/li>\n<li>The question as to whether<br \/>\nWhether<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Avoid &#8220;padding&#8221; words and tautologies\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are some other words of this type which are pure padding and can be omitted \u2013 for example, &#8220;basically&#8221;, or &#8220;current&#8221; as in &#8220;the current chairman&#8221; when you are not referring to past or future chairmen.<\/p>\n<p>Tautologies are those words which mean the same thing: safe haven, future prospects, weather conditions, etc. Sometimes, tautologies are used for rhetorical effect, but at other times removing one unnecessary word will improve conciseness.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Avoid unnecessary determiners, qualifiers and modifiers\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are some words which appear to modify a noun but which merely clutter up the sentence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Example:<br \/>\nManagers need some\u00a0<strong>[kind of]<\/strong>\u00a0extra help if they are to avoid getting bogged down with paperwork.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">It is\u00a0<strong>[basically]<\/strong>\u00a0in order to &#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The\u00a0<strong>[sort of]<\/strong>\u00a0person I would like to meet is &#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The software was implemented and tested on a cohort of level 2 students who had,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The software was implemented and tested on a cohort of level 2 students who had,\u00a0<strong>[in general]<\/strong>, studied French for 8 years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>[To a certain extent]<\/strong> women no longer lag behind men in terms of pay in certain areas.<\/p>\n<p>Either omit these words or give specific details.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Avoid using noun formulations of verbs<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\nThere is an increasing tendency in the English language to use nown formations to replace a perfectly good verb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Example:<br \/>\nThe articles should\u00a0de-mystique\u00a0the subject by explaining complicated concepts and offering definitions where appropriate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>should be\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The articles should\u00a0demystify\u00a0the subject by explaining complicated concepts and offering definitions where appropriate.<\/p>\n<p>The top example uses a nown formation from &#8220;mystique&#8221;, but the word &#8220;demystify&#8221; means just the same thing and is more common parlance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Change clauses into phrases and phrases into single words\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sometimes, phrasal constructions can be reduced to adjectives:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The employee with talent<\/li>\n<li>The talented employee<\/li>\n<li>The economy with the best performance<\/li>\n<li>The best performing economy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Relative clauses can also sometimes be reworded:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The prisoner who had been recently released \u00a0&#8211;\u00a0The recently-released prisoner<\/li>\n<li>The IT system that met most of our requirements &#8211;\u00a0The most compatible IT system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other clauses can be worded more simply as in the following example, in which two clauses are put together as one:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If citing a shortish extract, you can do this by just reproducing it within the article<\/li>\n<li>A short extract can be reproduced within the article<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Try and avoid phrases like &#8220;It was&#8221;, and &#8220;There is&#8221;:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There is a tendency amongst managers of X company &#8230;<br \/>\nManagers of X company tend to &#8230;<\/li>\n<li>It was Kotler who said &#8230;<br \/>\nKotler said &#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some infinitive phrases (those that use verbs with &#8220;to&#8221;) can be turned into sentences with active verbs:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The responsibility of a leader is to motivate and inspire<br \/>\nA leader should motivate and inspire<\/li>\n<li>The product is considered to be sound<br \/>\nThe product is considered sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sometimes verbal phrases with gerunds (-ing words) can be turned into adjectives:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Because of the ground being rough<br \/>\nBecause of the rough ground<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Avoid repetition or excessive detail\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When you read through a draft, check you are not repeating things unnecessarily or putting in too much detail.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Example:<br \/>\nThe purpose of this paper is to describe the experience of a team of academics in the Department of French, School of Modern Languages within the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies at the University Institute of X in the development of a Computer-assisted learning software program.<\/p>\n<p>Here, we do not need to know all the details of the department&#8217;s position in the organization! The authors go on to provide great detail about the process of acquiring funds for the exercise, which again is unnecessary and detracts from the main focus of the article, which is about the development of CAL software.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Example:<br \/>\nDuring the phase the team and the software programmer met on four occasions to discuss strategy at the planned Phase 1 strategy meetings.<\/p>\n<p>As the author includes this under the heading &#8220;Phase 1&#8221;, all the information after &#8220;strategy&#8221; is redundant.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com\/authors\/guides\/write\/simply.htm?part=1\">http:\/\/www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com\/authors\/guides\/write\/simply.htm<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Photo: Emerald Publishing<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article is part of the How-to&#8230; series brought to by Emerald Group Publishing. The other parts of the series you find here. \u00a0Avoiding wordiness There are many ways of avoiding wordiness. A few basic guidelines are given in this section. Cut the clutter Good writers develop a concise style, which avoids redundant words. A [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4483,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,10],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4481"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4481"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4492,"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4481\/revisions\/4492"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.servsig.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}